1960 was marked by a more fundamental particles called protons and neutrons are made of quarks. But

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1960 was marked by a more fundamental particles called protons and neutrons are made of quarks. But the curious thing was that there was no possibility of observing a particle as a free quark. They are always locked, and this property is fundamental to not only collect these particles quarks can exist as two or three. Fraction of the proton's bim electric charge electric charge quarks in a proton-third or two-thirds of the property once it is bizarre that still have not found an explanation bim for it
Besides removing the electric charge of each quark also has other special properties such as electric charge quantum quantity and can only have certain values. This property bim is called color charge. Quark color charge can be red, blue and green. For each quark, an electron's bim antiparticle, the positron Padkvark there is like. Padkvark charged iPod red color, iPods, blue or green pad. Collection of quarks in nature there can be a neutral color charge bim as well as the formation of neutral molecules (electrically) the electrical attraction between positive and negative parts of it. Force between protons and neutrons in the nucleus because of the color force between quarks make up the time they occur. Force-carrying bim particles called bim quarks by gluons are shipped. But unlike photons are massless particles like photons have the time-paint. This feature makes the complexity of explaining the difference between the force and the electromagnetic force
For years, physicists believed that the strong interaction between quarks can not find a way to calculate the electromagnetic bim interaction is similar to the method of calculation. Because the coupling constant for the strong interaction and can not be larger than a Feynman perturbation technique (described above) bim used for the calculations in this theory. Kurt Zymansky German physicist discovered that the only way to have a reasonable idea of finding a negative bim beta function for this theory. This approach can also sometimes cause the quarks inside the proton particles to reveal bim your free account. Experimental bim work that the collision between electrons and protons are visible in your Zymansky unfortunately failed to achieve even this theory Hvft Gerrard in the summer of 1972 it was discovered nearby. But physicists were frustrated because bim the evidence showed that a theory should actually be a positive beta function. Today, it is recognized that this is wrong, but because in January 1973, two successive articles in the Journal of Physical Ryvyvltrz Vylchk and Pulitzer published by Gross and surprisingly found that they showed the beta function can be negative values. The discovery was made when they were a student. According to their theory of the strong interaction, the gluons are the force carriers unexpected and unique properties so that they are not only with quarks but also they are the interaction. According to the property when the quarks are close to each color charge interaction between them decreases. When quarks are close to each other that their energy is increased and according to this theory, bim the interaction is reduced at this time. This property is in the "asymptotic freedom" to say that the beta function is negative. The interaction increases with increasing distance, which may be the explanation for why quarks are always confined in the nucleons are
Asymptotic freedom bim also provides the ability to build and Glvyv interval in which the quarks behave as free particles, calculated. With very high energy collisions of particles with each other, they can be close enough to each other. When the discovery of asymptotic freedom in QCD theory was formulated and calculations could show good agreement with the experimental results
One of the most important proof of the QCD theory by testing its antiparticle, the positron-electron collisions at high energies is done. In this experiment, the electron and positron annihilate each other and according to Einstein's bim equation 2 E = MC energy of the particles bim can appear in the form of new particles, ie particles, quarks. In the process quark particles are created at intervals too close together and away from each other at very high speeds. Today, this process can be accurately calculated bim using the concept of asymptotic freedom. In fact, when quarks are likely to be away from each other by the force of the strong interaction are an escalating (described in the previous section), the new quarks force will be, and thus was pair production Ragbar of particles in the particles in the quark and Primary Padkvark produced. However, this process of recollection of the primary particle asymptotic freedom holds in its effect on the likelihood of events that might happen in a shower of particles to be calculated. The results are in agreement with experiment bim too much. Another very compelling case that the accelerator DESY in Hamburg, Germany in the late 1970s, there was a barrage of tests Tuesday that this process can be a quark gluon radiation in consideration of the well-Padkvark explained. Asymptotic freedom phenomenon that previously could even accelerate